Carbohydrates

Biology

1. Fundamental Concepts

Definition: Carbohydrates are organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, typically in a ratio of 1:2:1.
Types: Monosaccharides (simple sugars), Disaccharides (double sugars), and Polysaccharides (complex sugars).
Function: Serve as the primary source of energy for living organisms.

2. Key Concepts

Basic Rule: $${\text{{Glucose}}} + {\text{{Fructose}}} = {\text{{Sucrose}}}$$

Degree Preservation: The structure of carbohydrates determines their function and reactivity.

Application: Used in cellular respiration to produce ATP.

3. Examples

Example 1 (Basic)

Problem: Identify the type of carbohydrate with the formula $$C_6H_{12}O_6$$.

Step-by-Step Solution:

The formula $$C_6H_{12}O_6$$ matches the general formula for monosaccharides.
Therefore, this is a monosaccharide.

Validation: The formula fits the typical 1:2:1 ratio of C:H:O for simple sugars.

Example 2 (Intermediate)

Problem: Calculate the molecular weight of glucose ($$C_6H_{12}O_6$$).

Step-by-Step Solution:

Molecular weight of Carbon ($$C$$) = 12 u
Molecular weight of Hydrogen ($$H$$) = 1 u
Molecular weight of Oxygen ($$O$$) = 16 u
Total molecular weight = $$(6 \cdot 12) + (12 \cdot 1) + (6 \cdot 16) = 72 + 12 + 96 = 180$$ u

Validation: The calculated molecular weight matches the standard value for glucose.

4. Problem-Solving Techniques

Visual Strategy: Use diagrams to represent the structure of different types of carbohydrates.
Error-Proofing: Double-check the stoichiometry when calculating molecular weights.
Concept Reinforcement: Relate the chemical structure to its biological function.